Uses and examples of NYSTATIN (Nys)
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چکیده
Nys, like all polyenes, consists of two different chemical structures, namely a macrolide ring and an amino sugar. The amino sugar, a mycosamine (3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose) is glycosidically attached to the macrolide ring. The macrolide ring consists of carbon atoms and is closed by the formation of an internal ester or a lactone. The macrolide ring is a stable rod-shaped structure with a hydrophobic side which is built by the polyene chain (π-electron carrying structure) and an opposite hydrophilic side which is built by the hydroxyl groups. The conjugated double-bonds of the polyene chain are in the trans-position. The sugar moiety is bonded at the one end of the macrolide ring and carries a primary amino group. At the same end, a carboxyl group is present on the macrolide ring. A single strongly polarized and hydrophilic hydroxyl group is positioned at the other end of the macrolide ring and imparts to this part of Nys hydrophilic properties. The amphiphilic character of Nys is determined by the entirety of these groups. They are responsible for the orientation of the molecules in biological membranes. There is strong evidence that the sugar moiety and the carboxyl group are on the extracellular side of the membrane while the strongly polarized hydroxyl group is on the cytoplasmatic side, although flip-flop phenomena cannot be completely precluded. The orientation of Nys in the membrane thus corresponds to that of an integral protein. All membrane proteins are glycoproteins and their glycosidic part is always on the extracellular side. This rigid orientation of the membrane proteins is connected with their specific function.
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